The short version of ACTH(4-10) fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-04-29 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Once dissolved, the peptide is considerably less stable than the solid. Aqueous solutions are usually prepared at neutral to slightly acidic pH, filtered, and divided into single-use aliquots before freezing. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are a common cause of avoidable loss and are best prevented by never refreezing a thawed aliquot. Adsorption to plastic and glass surfaces can lower the measured concentration of dilute solutions, particularly below roughly 0.1 mg/mL. Buffer choice, salt content, and container material all influence how much peptide remains detectable after storage.
Identity and purity are established with standard peptide methods. Reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection near 214 nm resolves the parent peak from deletion and truncation byproducts, and reports typically quote a main-peak percentage. Mass spectrometry by electrospray or MALDI-TOF confirms the expected molecular mass, while amino acid analysis or peptide mapping can verify composition when the sequence itself is in question. A certificate of analysis that pairs a chromatogram with a mass spectrum is more informative than a purity figure alone. Counter-ion content and residual solvents are separate specifications and are frequently omitted.
Semax is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder, and that form is the most stable. Suppliers commonly recommend storage at -20 °C in a desiccated container protected from light, with short-term handling at room temperature limited to weighing and transfer. Powder that has absorbed moisture degrades faster, so vials should be warmed to ambient temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the contents. Hygroscopic behavior is typical of short hydrophilic peptides, and humidity control matters more than temperature alone for long-term retention.
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide whose sequence extends the ACTH(4-10) fragment with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline tripeptide. The commonly cited sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, giving a molecular formula near C37H51N9O10S and a molecular weight close to 813.9 g/mol. It belongs to the broader class of synthetic ACTH fragments studied for central nervous system effects rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. In practice the material appears as a lyophilized white powder for laboratory work or as a dilute saline solution in clinical settings.
Development is attributed to researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the early 1980s, building on earlier Soviet work with ACTH fragments. Russian regulatory approval followed for intranasal use, and the compound has remained commercially available there for decades. Most published human data originate from Russian and, later, some Eastern European clinical reports, which are not always accessible in English translation. Outside that region the material is generally handled as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Solid storage temperature | -20 °C or below | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Solution storage temperature | -80 °C as single-use aliquots | Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles |
| Purity assessment method | RP-HPLC, around 214 nm | Reported as main-peak area percent |
| Identity confirmation method | ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF | Measured mass compared with calculated mass |
| Common synonyms | ACTH(4-10) analog; Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Also written as Semaxum in some sources |
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
常规纯度与身份确认依赖反相高效液相色谱，并辅以质谱测定分子量。氨基酸组成分析可用于验证序列构成，肽图分析则能进一步定位修饰或降解产物。杂质谱通常关注缺失序列肽、截短片段和氧化产物。不同方法的检出限并不相同，因此各实验室报告的纯度数值不宜直接横向比较。
多数实验室与市售的 Semax 以冻干粉形式提供。冻干粉通常建议保存在 -20 °C 或更低温度下，同时避免光照与反复升温。短期运输有时采用冷藏条件，但长期保存仍以冷冻为主。分包操作应尽量减少开盖次数，以降低吸湿和微生物污染的风险。开封后若未一次用完，建议在干燥环境中密封并尽快放回低温储存。
Pharmacological accounts link semax to melanocortin signalling and to modulation of neurotrophic factor expression, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Much of this evidence comes from rodent studies using intranasal delivery, a route chosen because it allows peptides to reach the central nervous system with limited systemic exposure. Whether the same mechanisms operate in humans at comparable magnitude remains an open question. The precise receptor or receptors responsible for the reported behavioural and neuroprotective effects have not been conclusively identified.
Clinical reports describe use in ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, optic nerve conditions, and cognitive complaints, but most of these studies are small and were conducted in a single region. Systematic reviews have generally described the evidence base as limited in size and variable in methodological quality. Randomised controlled data suitable for international regulatory assessment are scarce. As a result, major treatment guidelines outside Russia do not include the peptide, and interest in it remains largely research-driven rather than routine clinical.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is described in the literature as an analogue of the ACTH(4–10) fragment, a short N-terminal portion of adrenocorticotropic hormone that retains some neurotropic activity without the full hormonal effects of the parent peptide. The molecule carries a methionine residue at the N-terminus and two proline residues near the C-terminus, features that shape both its interactions with receptor systems and its chemical stability. The free peptide corresponds to the formula C37H51N9O10S and a molecular mass near 813.9 Da.
Routine characterization relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to establish purity and on mass spectrometry to confirm molecular identity. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are both used for mass verification. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping can detect sequence errors. Common impurities include truncated sequences, methionine sulfoxide formed by oxidation, and deamidated products. Chromatograms are usually recorded near 214 nm, where the peptide backbone absorbs, and purity is reported as the percentage area of the principal peak.
Verification of a supplied batch generally combines a certificate of analysis with independent testing, because certificates are self-reported documents. A typical package includes a chromatographic trace, a mass spectrum, and a stated water or counter-ion content. Batch-to-batch consistency matters more than a single purity figure when results are compared across experiments. No single mandatory standard governs research-grade peptide release, so laboratories are expected to define their own acceptance criteria. Residual trifluoroacetate from purification is a frequently overlooked counter-ion.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
=== Muscle biopsy === If DNA testing fails to find the mutation, a muscle biopsy test may be performed. A small sample of muscle tissue is extracted using a biopsy needle. The key tests performed on the biopsy sample for Duchenne muscular dystrophy are immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblotting for dystrophin, and should be interpreted by an experienced neuromuscular pathologist. These tests provide information on the presence or absence of the protein. Absence of the protein is a positive test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Where dystrophin is present, the tests indicate the amount and molecular size of dystrophin, helping to distinguish Duchenne muscular dystrophy from milder dystrophinopathy phenotypes. Over the past several years, DNA tests have been developed that detect more of the many mutations that cause the condition, and muscle biopsy is not required as often to confirm the presence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
1993/288) National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital Debt) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/289) Council Tax (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/290) Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/291) Valuation and Community Charge Tribunals (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/292) A65 Trunk Road (Manor Park Improvement) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/293) A65 Trunk Road (Denton Bridge to Black Bull Farm) (De-Trunking) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/294) Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 1993 (S.I. 1993/295) Lands Tribunal for Scotland (Amendment) (Fees) Rules 1993 (S.I. 1993/296) Scottish Land Court (Fees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/297) Lyon Court and Office Fees (Variation) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/298)
S-Glutathionylation is the posttranslational modification of protein cysteine residues by the addition of glutathione, the most abundant and important low-molecular-mass thiol within most cell types. Protein S-glutathionylation is involved in the following:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Jupiter Wagons Limited is an Indian private manufacturer of railway freight wagons, passenger coaches, wagon components, cast manganese steel crossings and castings headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal. The company manufactures coaches for the Indian Railways and many other private companies.
Long-term exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution adds a major environmental risk to public health in India. Particulate matter emissions from vehicles and factories are linked to a rise in chronic respiratory diseases, strokes, and cardiovascular disease, together adding an estimated 1.7 million premature deaths annually. India's early COVID-19 lockdown bought time to rapidly increase local testing and protective gear production; however, later waves of the virus overwhelmed the healthcare system, leading to severe shortages of oxygen and intensive care beds. Post-pandemic epidemiological studies estimate that cumulative excess deaths in India reached between 3.2 and 4.7 million.
Mentorship Award in Affective Science, Society for Affective Science, 2022. Ruhr Award for Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, 2024 Paul D. MacLean Award for Outstanding Neuroscience Research in Psychosomatic Medicine, American Psychosomatic Society, 2024. Laureat, Pufendorf Lectures, Department of Philosophy, Lund University, 2024. William James Fellow Award, Association for Psychological Science, 2025.
The properties of phalloidin make it a useful tool for investigating the distribution of F-actin in cells by labeling phalloidin with fluorescent analogs and using them to stain actin filaments for light microscopy. Fluorescent derivatives of phalloidin have turned out to be enormously useful in localizing actin filaments in living or fixed cells as well as for visualizing individual actin filaments in vitro. A high-resolution technique was developed to detect F-actin at the light and electron microscopic levels by using phalloidin conjugated to the fluorophore eosin which acts as the fluorescent tag. In this method known as fluorescence photo-oxidation, fluorescent molecules can be utilized to drive the oxidation of diaminobenzidine (DAB) to create a reaction product that can be rendered electron dense and detectable by electron microscopy. The amount of fluorescence visualized can be used as a quantitative measure of the amount of filamentous actin there is in cells if saturating quantities of fluorescent phalloidin are used. Consequently, immunofluorescence microscopy along with microinjection of phalloidin can be used to evaluate the direct and indirect functions of cytoplasmic actin in its different stages of polymer formation. Therefore, fluorescent phalloidin can be used as an important tool in the study of actin networks at high resolution.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== History == The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tafasitamab based primarily on evidence from one clinical trial (NCT02399085) of 81 participants 42 to 86 years old. Participants in the trial had lymphoma that relapsed or did not improve after prior treatments. The trial was conducted at 35 sites in the United States and Europe. At first, participants received tafasitamab in combination with lenalidomide and later tafasitamab alone following a specific schedule during each 28-day treatment cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable side effects. Both participants and health care providers knew which treatment had been given. The benefit of tafasitamab was evaluated by measuring how many participants had a complete or partial tumor shrinkage and how long that response lasted (called best overall response rate). Efficacy for the treatment of follicular lymphoma was evaluated in inMIND, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT04680052) randomizing 548 participants with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma to receive tafasitamab or placebo with lenalidomide and rituximab. Participants had received a median of one prior line of systemic therapy; 25% and 20% had two and three or more prior lines, respectively. The FDA granted the application for tafasitamab priority review and orphan drug designations for follicular lymphoma.
== Causes == AMR is driven largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. They reproduce and spread quickly, and they also can adapt to their environment and change how well they can survive. Yet, at the same time, many people do not have access to essential antimicrobials. This leads to microbes either evolving a defense against drugs used to treat them, or certain strains of microbes that have a natural resistance to antimicrobials becoming much more prevalent than the ones that are easily defeated with medication. Genetic changes can also occur, which would allow the microbe to survive. While antimicrobial resistance does occur naturally over time, the use of antimicrobial agents in a variety of settings both within the healthcare industry and outside of has led to antimicrobial resistance becoming increasingly more prevalent. Although many microbes develop resistance to antibiotics over time through natural mutation, overprescribing and inappropriate prescription of antibiotics have accelerated the problem. During mutation, when replication happens, these mutations help individual microbes survive exposure. It is possible that as many as 1 in 3 prescriptions written for antibiotics are unnecessary. Every year, approximately 154 million prescriptions for antibiotics are written. Of these, up to 46 million are unnecessary or inappropriate for the condition that the patient has.
=== In popular culture === Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Potato Head is an American toy that consists of a plastic potato and attachable plastic parts, such as ears and eyes, to make a face. It was the first toy ever advertised on television. In the 2015 science fiction film The Martian, the protagonist, a stranded astronaut and botanist named Mark Watney, cultivates potatoes on Mars using Martian soil fertilized with frozen feces.
=== Direct contact generators === An immiscible primary refrigerant evaporates to supersaturate the water and form small, smooth crystals. With direct contact chilling, there is no physical boundary between the brine and the refrigerant, increasing the rate of heat transfer. However, the major disadvantage of this system is that a small amount of refrigerant stays in the brine, trapped in the crystals. This refrigerant is pumped with the slurry out of the generator and into the environment.
He signed the Epstein Files Transparency Act on November 19, and made a lengthy post on Truth Social which included the claim, "Do not forget — The Biden Administration did not turn over a SINGLE file or page related to Democrat Epstein, nor did they ever even speak about him.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Each freeze-thaw cycle can degrade a fraction of the peptide and promote aggregation. Dividing a stock solution into single-use volumes removes repeated cycling as a variable. It also limits the time a thawed solution spends at room temperature.
A high main-peak percentage says little about identity, counter-ion content, or residual solvents. It also does not distinguish an isomer or a closely eluting analog. Mass confirmation and the accompanying documentation cover those gaps.
Salt form changes mass, solubility, and hygroscopicity, and acetate and trifluoroacetate salts behave differently in solution. Storage guidance still centers on -20 °C for powder and lower temperatures for solutions. The certificate should state which salt is present.
It is a short synthetic peptide built from seven amino acids: methionine, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine and three prolines. The sequence derives from the 4-10 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone with an added proline-glycine-proline tail. No plant or animal extract is involved; the material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis.