lyophilised powder is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-21. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
常规纯度与身份确认依赖反相高效液相色谱，并辅以质谱测定分子量。氨基酸组成分析可用于验证序列构成，肽图分析则能进一步定位修饰或降解产物。杂质谱通常关注缺失序列肽、截短片段和氧化产物。不同方法的检出限并不相同，因此各实验室报告的纯度数值不宜直接横向比较。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Contains one methionine sulfur atom |
| Molecular mass | Approximately 814 Da | Consistent with a seven-residue peptide |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Limits methionine oxidation |
Clinical evidence consists largely of small trials with modest sample sizes, often without independent replication. Reported endpoints include cognitive scores, recovery after stroke, and visual function, but study designs vary widely and few trials meet contemporary reporting standards. Systematic reviewers have noted a high risk of bias in several of these reports. No large multicenter trial conducted outside Russia has been published. The compound is therefore best described as investigational in most jurisdictions, with its clinical role still unresolved.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its chain combines the first seven residues of corticotropin with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline extension, a modification intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The free peptide has a molecular mass near 813.9 daltons. It belongs to the class of ACTH-derived fragments studied for central nervous system activity rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. This structural relationship to a natural hormone fragment is the usual starting point for describing the compound in the literature.
Common degradation pathways include oxidation of the methionine side chain, hydrolysis of the peptide backbone, and aggregation under unfavourable pH or concentration. Stability studies typically monitor the main peak by chromatography and report total related substances as a percentage. Because no official monograph exists, acceptance criteria vary between laboratories, and reported purity values are not directly comparable across suppliers. Analysts therefore document the method, column, and detection wavelength alongside each result, and open questions remain about how much biological activity the oxidised forms retain.
Solid semax is typically supplied as a lyophilised powder that is hygroscopic and sensitive to moisture, light, and repeated temperature cycling. Long-term storage of the dry peptide is generally recommended at approximately -20 degrees Celsius, while shorter working periods may use refrigeration at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Vials should remain tightly closed and desiccated when brought to room temperature, because condensation can damage the material before it is weighed. Dividing a batch into aliquots is preferable to thawing one container repeatedly.
The Gamat, which is a Malay word for sea cucumber (holothuroidea), refers to medicinal remedies derived from several species of the sea cucumber family. It has been used traditionally by the Malays and local indigenous in Malaysia to relieve back pain, treating bruise, minor wounds and burns, as well as a tonic to provide extra energy to the body. A research conduct by Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in 2007 to find out the usage of traditional medicine among the ethnic groups in Sabah in a public market in the eastern coast of Tawau District found that the Bugis with the most usage with 40%, followed by Sama-Bajau with 28%, with Gamat oil (minyak gamat) and Eucalyptus oil (minyak kayu putih) are most commonly used by the community.
In September 2018, Panda Express announced its joint venture with Jollibee Foods Corporation to bring its stores in the Philippines. A year later, in December 2019, the first Panda Express restaurant in the Philippines opened at SM Megamall in Mandaluyong. More branches were opened, all located in the Greater Manila Area. The first Panda Express in Russia opened in Moscow in September 2018. However, in March 2022, Panda Express ceased all corporate support, including operations, marketing, and supply chain in response to the Russian war against Ukraine. Panda Express previously had eight sites in Japan that were operated under a franchise agreement that later lapsed. In November 2016, the company returned to the country by opening a new restaurant in Kawasaki. This restaurant is operated as part of a joint partnership with Ippudo. As of August 2022, there were nine restaurants in the country. In October 2020, the South China Morning Post reported that a fake Panda Express restaurant in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming had been reported for trademark infringement, and was closed during an investigation. The reportedly fake restaurant used the same Panda Express logo, and its menu reportedly included the same Kung Pao Chicken and Tangerine Peel Chicken as the company's restaurants. In August 2022, Panda Express opened its first European site in Kaiserslautern Military Community Center food court, Ramstein Air Base, Germany. The first German public location will open at the train station Zoologischer Garten in Berlin.
=== Allergy === HLA-G has links to allergenic responses in the body. Soluble HLA-G levels are higher in the serum of people with allergic rhinitis, or hay fever. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in HLA-G have been connected to an increased likelihood of having asthma. Papillary cells expressing HLA-G were found in patients with atopic dermatitis.
=== Spraying === Spray painting High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) Plasma spraying Thermal spraying Kinetic metallization (KM) Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying The common forms of Powder coating
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Classically activated macrophages === After receiving signaling from both IFNγ and TNF, macrophages acquire a phenotype with higher activity against both pathogens and tumor cells. They also secrete inflammatory cytokines. IFNγ signaling can initially originate from Natural Killer (NK) cells, but adaptive immune cells are required to sustain a population of classically activated macrophages. Toll-like receptor agonists may also cause macrophage activation.
== Immune system == Movement of cells is vital for the function of the immune system, and especially for antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells (one of the main antigen presenting cells in the immune system), move towards the lymph nodes after phagocytizing an antigen in order to present the antigen to T cells. Chemokines influence these movements, especially CCL21, which is bound to lymphatic endothelial cell membranes. The influence is short range, but causes movement of the dendritic cells up a fixed chemical gradient. Other leukocytes also exhibit haptotactic movement: neutrophils undergo IL-8 mediated migration, while monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and some T cells are influenced by RANTES chemokines. In the autoimmune disorder rheumatoid arthritis and in osteoarthritis, the associated swelling and migration of neutrophils to the affected site has been shown to be linked to membrane bound midkine cytokine. This cytokine operates in a haptotactic fashion, attracting local neutrophils to the site of expression.
=== May === 1 May Coronation of Charles III and Camilla: The Royal Collection Trust confirms that Charles III will use a recycled throne chair from the coronation of George VI for his own coronation in a bid to make the event more sustainable. Camilla will use a chair from the same coronation that was used by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. The 2023 World Snooker Championship concludes, with Belgium's Luca Brecel defeating England's Mark Selby 18–15 in the final to win his first world title. Brecel becomes the first player from Mainland Europe to win a World Championship. 2 May The 5% pay increase for one million NHS staff in England is signed off at a meeting between the UK government and representatives from 14 trade unions; all NHS employees but doctors and dentists are represented at the meeting. A man is arrested outside Buckingham Palace after throwing shotgun cartridges into the grounds. A controlled explosion is also carried out by police. 3 May – Coronation of Charles III and Camilla: As the Metropolitan Police release details of security measures in place, Security Minister Tom Tugendhat says that anti-monarchy groups will be allowed to protest at the coronation. 4 May 2023 United Kingdom local elections: The Conservatives incur significant losses, while Labour and the Lib Dems gain control of a number of councils from the Conservatives. The Green Party also make record gains, with over 200 councillors, and win majority control of Mid Suffolk District Council, the party's first ever council majority.
2019: New Zealand chemist Margaret Brimble is the first New Zealand woman to be inducted into the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of the American Chemical Society’s Hall of Fame. 2019: Malawian nurse and educator Address Malata is appointed as Vice-Chancellor of the Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST), becoming the first Malawian women university Vice-Chancellor. 2019: American imaging scientist Katie Bouman developed an algorithm that made the first visualization of a black hole possible using the Event Horizon Telescope. She was part of the team of over 200 people who implemented the project.
== Chemists famous in other areas == Marion Barry (1936–2014), Masters in Organic Chemistry, American politician Alexander Borodin (1833–1887), Russian chemist and composer Jerry Buss (1934–2013), PhD in Physical Chemistry, owner of the NBA LA Lakers and other sports franchises Catherine Coleman (born 1960), American chemist and retired NASA astronaut who went on two Space Shuttle missions Lionel Dahmer (1936–2023), American analytical chemist and author, known for being the father of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer Emmanuel Dongala (born 1941), Congolese chemist and novelist Elizabeth J. Feinler (born 1931), American information scientist and past director of the Network Information Systems Center at the Stanford Research Institute Marye Anne Fox (1947–2021), American chemist and university chancellor Dolph Lundgren (born 1957), Masters in Chemistry, Swedish actor Primo Levi (1919–1987), resistance fighter, chemist and novelist Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian chemist, historian, philologist, and poet Angela Merkel (born 1954), doctorate in quantum chemistry, Chancellor of Germany (2005–2021) Gaspard Monge (1746–1818), invented descriptive geometry Francis Muguet (1955–2009), advocate of open information access Edward W. Morley (1838–1923), performed the Michelson–Morley experiment Knute Rockne (1888–1931), head football coach of Notre Dame David Rysdahl (born 1987), American actor, majored in chemistry from St.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.
Most published work uses intranasal administration, matching the route of the registered Russian formulation. Some animal experiments use intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The route matters because the intact peptide is cleared rapidly from blood, so exposure differs between methods.
A purity value describes the share of the powder accounted for by the target peptide, usually by high-performance liquid chromatography. It does not confirm that the sequence is correct, which requires mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis. Purity and identity are separate checks.
一般不建议常温长期保存。多数说明指向 -20 °C 冷冻避光。常温运输通常被视为短期可接受，但会加快降解风险。